The city has played host to many international events, including the 2000 Summer Olympics. #23 of 209 Sights & Landmarks in Sydney. From the mid-nineteenth century, the Port Jackson and Manly Steamship Company and its forerunners ran commuter and weekend excusioner services to the beach-side suburb. The depot was knocked down in 1958. General information. At the Closing Ceremony, President of the International Olympic Committee, Juan Antonio Samaranch, declared:[70], "I am proud and happy to proclaim that you have presented to the world the best Olympic Games ever.". [10] Phillip soon decided that Botany Bay, chosen on the recommendation of Sir Joseph Banks, who had accompanied James Cook in 1770, was not suitable, since it had poor soil, no secure anchorage and no reliable water source. From the late-nineteenth century the North Shore developed rapidly. Missing the target, one torpedo struck the sea wall against which the converted harbour ferry HMAS Kuttabul was moored. With industrialisation, Sydney expanded rapidly, and by the early 20th century it had a population well in excess of one million. See Sydney Cove. [1] The modern history of the city began with the arrival of a First Fleet of British ships in 1788 and the foundation of a penal colony by Great Britain. Sydney City Map. [3] Near Penrith, a far western suburb of Sydney, numerous Aboriginal stone tools were found in Cranebrook Terraces gravel sediments having dates of 45,000 to 50,000 years BP. This day is now celebrated as Australia Day. The wars resulted in the defeat of the Hawkesbury and Nepean Indigenous clans who were subsequently dispossessed of their lands.[27]. Sydney, the capital of New South Wales, Australia. Sydney has maintained extensive political, economic and cultural influence over Australia as well as international renown in recent decades. Examples of Aboriginal stone tools and Aboriginal art (often recording the stories of the Dreamtime religion) can be found throughout New South Wales: even within the metropolis of modern Sydney, as in Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park.[8]. Sydney started in 1788, when the Captain Arthur Phillip brought the First Fleet to settle in Australia. Australia experienced a number of gold rushes in the mid-19th century, beginning with the discovery of gold in Bathurst (150 km west of Sydney) in 1851. [28] Conflicts arose between the governors and the officers of the Rum Corps, many of which were land owners such as John Macarthur. [52], Electrification started in 1898, and most of the system was converted by 1910. [63] Sydney saw a surge in industrial development to meet the needs of a war economy, and also the elimination of unemployment. However, conventional belief is that they arrived between 40,000 and 70,000 years ago. Now regarded as the most important portraiture prize in Australia, it originated from a bequest from J. F. Archibald, the editor of The Bulletin, who died in 1919. Phillip sent exploratory missions in search of better soils and fixed on the Parramatta region as a promising area for expansion and moved many of the convicts from late 1788 to establish a small township, which became the main centre of the colony's economic life, leaving Sydney Cove only as an important port and focus of social life. In 1804, Irish convicts led the Castle Hill Rebellion. The blast sank the Kuttabul, killing 19 Australian and 2 British naval personnel who were asleep on board.[64]. Restored in the late 20th century, the building remains a boutique shopping and dining hall. Sydney New South Wales Australi: a short history from penal colony to the present through old images and photographs, She points to regular contact between fishing fleets from the Indonesia archipelago, where smallpox was endemic, and Aboriginal people in Australia's North as a far more likely source for the introduction of smallpox. about 500 trams in Melbourne today). The 1938 British Empire Games were held in Sydney from 5–12 February, timed to coincide with Sydney's sesquicentennial (150 years since the foundation of British settlement in Australia). An academy of art formed in 1870 and the present Art Gallery of New South Wales building began construction in 1896. Initially widely popular, the code would later assume secondary popularity in Sydney, when in 1907, the New South Wales Rugby League was established and would grow to be the favourite football code of the city. One of the highlights of the Depression Era however, was the completion of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932. Sydney - Sydney - History: When the English admiral Arthur Phillip arrived off the coast of southeastern Australia with the First Fleet in 1788, he sailed first to Botany Bay, which had been discovered by Captain James Cook in 1770 and to which he had been directed by the British government. One sub managed to reach Potts Point where, under fire, it fired two torpedoes at the US heavy cruiser Chicago. Five new universities were developed to service the demands of an increasing population and demand for education: University of New South Wales, University of Technology, Sydney, University of Western Sydney and the Australian Catholic University. The Romanesque landmark Queen Victoria Building (QVB), designed by George McRae, was completed in 1898 on the site of the old Sydney markets. In 1878 the inaugural first class cricket match at the Sydney Cricket Ground was played between New South Wales and Victoria. A new skyline of concrete and steel skyscrapers swept away much of the old lowrise and often sandstone skyline of early Sydney: Australia Square Tower, constructed in 1967 and designed by modernist architect Harry Seidler became a city landmark, surpassed in 1981 by Sydney Tower ("Centrepoint") as the tallest building in Sydney at 305 m. By the late 1960s, bulldozers were encroaching on The Rocks – European settlement's oldest Sydney precinct – saved only by public protests aimed at preserving 'working class housing' close to the Central Business District (which resulted also in considerable colonial era architecture being preserved in one precinct next to Circular Quay). There were also two cable tram routes, to Ocean Street (Edgecliff) and in North Sydney, later extended to Crows Nest, because of the steep terrain involved. On April 29, 1770, on Possession Island, he claimed the whole east coast for King George III and called it New South Wales. On 13 May 1787, a fleet of 11 ships set sail from Portsmouth, England. Sights of Sydney - Referat. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the indigenous people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells, and cooking fish.[6]. This can be regarded as the 18th century equivalent of going to the moon. Competition from the private car, private bus operators and the perception of traffic congestion led to the gradual closure of lines from the 1940s. On 19 April 1770, the crew of HMS Endeavour, under the command of Lieutenant (later Captain) James Cook, were the first known Europeans to sight the east coast of Australia. Ten days later they came across an extensive but shallow inlet, and upon entering it moored off a low headland fronted by sand dunes. It became a symbol not only of Sydney, but of the Australian nation and was inscribed by UNESCO in 2007. History. Paul Hogan went from painter on the Sydney Harbour Bridge to local TV star, then global film star with his hugely successful Crocodile Dundee in 1986 (a film which begins with scenes of Sydney) while theatre institutions like the Sydney Theatre Company and National Institute of Dramatic Art nurtured the budding careers of actors innumerable, some of whom forged their early careers in the city. Federation, Great War and Great Depression, Invisible Invaders: Smallpox and Other Diseases in Aboriginal Australia 1780–1880, by Judy Campbell, Melbourne University Press, 2002, Foreword & pp 55, 61, 73–74, 181. Aboriginal histories Published 20 October 2017. These people pioneered Sydney's private sector economy and were later joined by soldiers whose military service had expired, and later still by free settlers who began arriving from Britain. In 1998, Fox Studios Australia opened as a major movie studio, occupying the site of the former Sydney Showground at Moore Park – going on to produce such commercially viable films as The Matrix films, Moulin Rouge!, Mission: Impossible 2 (set partly in Sydney), and the revived Star Wars and Superman film franchises. Though many changes in Sydney have occurred since its formation as a convict settlement, there has been preserved through time historical buildings and places that tell stories of a past time. In February 2010 Sydney had the some of the highest rainfall recorded in 25 years that resulted in flash flooding.• In 2002-2005 Sydney had the warmest summers since records began in 1859, the following summer of 2007-08 was one of the coolest on record. After a period of rapid growth, further discoveries of gold in Victoria began drawing new residents away from Sydney towards Melbourne and a great rivalry began to grow between the two cities. The history of Australia began when The First Fleet, commissioned by Thomas Townshend, Baron Sydney, set sail for Botany Bay on May 13, 1787. The Port Jackson company had fared better and their peak year was 1946, after which a slow decline saw it too taken over by the NSW State Government in the 1970s. The Parramatta Wharf Tramway Matthews, H.H. Sydney's history can be divided into the period of Aboriginal occupation, the convict period (1788 - 1850), the later colonial period beginning with the Gold Rush (1850s-1900), the early 20th century period of Federation, Great War and Great Depression (1900-1930s), World War II, the post-war period and the current period of the Olympic City and the new millennium. [7] Their occupation pre-dates the arrival of the First Fleet of British by some thousands of years. As a result, the city has become one of the most multicultural in the world. Sydney Tower is Sydney's tallest structure and the second tallest observation tower in the Southern Hemisphere.The name Sydney Tower has become common in daily usage; however, the tower has been known as the Sydney Tower Eye, AMP Tower, Flower Tower, Glower Tower, Westfield Centrepoint Tower, Big Poke, Centrepoint Tower or just Centrepoint. Since the arrival of the settlers, the native population died from new diseases, alcohol and poverty, as their native land was taken away from them. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and Port Jackson a safe harbour, which Phillip described as:[13], 'being without exception the finest Harbour in the World, Phillip originally named the colony "New Albion", but for some uncertain reason the colony acquired the name "Sydney", after the (then) British Home Secretary, Thomas Townshend, Lord Sydney (Baron Sydney, Viscount Sydney from 1789). This, combined with the introduction of new diseases such as smallpox, caused resentment within the Aboriginal clans against the British and resulted in violent confrontations. His most common tactic was to burn crops and kill livestock. She was in turn succeeded by independent Clover Moore, Sydney's longest-serving mayor from 2004 – present. [51] The System was a great success and the network expanded rapidly through the city and inner suburbs. This building is protected by both the New South Wales State Heritage Register and Australian National Heritage List.[68][69]. [37] The passing of the Sydney Incorporation Act in 1842 officially recognised the colonial settlement as a township and imposed a managerial structure to its administration. 503 reviews. Some of the more unusual crimes that people were convicted of and sentenced to being sent to the colonies included setting fire to underwood and stealing children with their apparel. Only recently have 50,000 year old grindstones been found in the area, predating any previous finds worldwide. "[58] Sydney's opulent Capitol Theatre opened in 1928 and after restoration in the 1990s remains one of the nation's finest auditoriums.[59]. See more about Aboriginal Arts and Culture. Arguably the most well-known is the Manly ferry service, and its large ship-like ferries that negotiate the beam swells of the Sydney Heads. The Japanese entered the war in December 1941. [18] This area has been highly contentious, but in the 2014 review by Christopher Warren, in Journal of Australian Studies it was argued that British marines were most likely to have spread smallpox without the knowledge of Governor Phillip.[19]. St Andrew's Anglican Cathedral, though more modest in size than Macquarie's original vision, later began construction and, after fire and setbacks, the present St Mary's Catholic Cathedral foundation stone was laid in 1868, from which rose a towering gothic-revival landmark. Without a bridge connection, increasingly large fleets of steamers serviced the cross harbour routes and in the early twentieth century, Sydney Ferries Limited was the largest ferry operator in the world. Governor Phillip was vested with complete authority over the inhabitants of the colony. With the inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901, Sydney ceased to be a colonial capital and became the capital of the Australian state of New South Wales. "They explore the history of The Rocks and its inhabitants in chronological order, recounted via a small number of basic artefacts (tools, china etc) plus information boards, videos and interactive screens." Governor Lachlan Macquarie's vision for Sydney included the construction of grand public buildings and institutions fit for a colonial capital. She met every immigrant ship at the docks, found positions for immigrant girls and established a Female Immigrants' Home. It is completed in 1932. The history behind one of the indisputable masterpieces of human creativity. [4], Prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in the Sydney area from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Historical Places and Buildings. Leading up to the 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour bridge, Sydney had the world's largest ferry fleet. They were commanded by Captain Arthur Phillip (1738-181… [22] This incident has more recently become known as the Battle of Parramatta. After the war, Martin Place was selected as the site for the Sydney Cenotaph which honours the dead and remains a focus for Anzac Day commemorations in the city to this day. [32], The first government established in Sydney after 1788 was an autocratic system run by an appointed governor – although English law was transplanted into the Australian colonies by virtue of the doctrine of reception, thus notions of the rights and processes established by the Magna Carta of 1215 and the Bill of Rights of 1689 were brought from Britain by the colonists. [47], Sydney's first newspaper was the Sydney Gazette established, edited and distributed by George Howe. However, in his memoir A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson in New South Wales", Tench wrote that he had never heard of the existence of smallpox among the French sailors. Sydney captured global attention in the Year 2000 by hosting the Summer Olympic Games. Later usage dropped the word ’Cove’, although it is still the name of the cove. [65] Eight days after the first attack, two large "mother" submarines lying off shore fired shells on Sydney and Newcastle. An elected city council was established in 1840. By the mid-1830s, speculative ventures established regular services. The first elected aldermen met in public houses, among their constituents, but began campaigning for a civic hall. Amid great controversy, the bodies of the four Japanese submariners responsible for the raid were cremated with full military honors and returned to Japan. 1. Originally constructed under Governor John Hunter in 1799 to reflect the economic importance of the Parramatta district, the building remains today Australia's oldest public building and was given World Heritage Listing by UNESCO in 2010.[31]. [55], Australia entered World War I in 1914 on the side of Great Britain and 60,000 Australian troops lost their lives. [74] The first line of the Sydney Metro, linking the suburb of Epping to the north-west of Sydney, opened on 26 May 2019. In 1973, after a long period of planning and construction, the Sydney Opera House was officially opened. [35], In 1838, the celebrated humanitarian Caroline Chisholm arrived at Sydney and soon after began her work to alleviate the conditions for the poor women migrants. The New South Wales Corps was formed in England in 1789 as a permanent regiment to relieve the marines who had accompanied the First Fleet. Known collectively as the Eora people which means ‘here’ or ‘from this place’, there are 29 clan groups in the Sydney metropolitan area. The reformist attorney general, John Plunkett, sought to apply Enlightenment principles to governance in the colony, pursuing the establishment of equality before the law, by extending jury rights to emancipists, then legal protections to convicts, assigned servants and Aborigines and legal equality between Anglicans, Catholics, Presbyterians and later Methodists. When the rest of the fleet arrived early on the 19th, much to Phillip’s surprise, it was decided to go further north, to Port Jackson (now known as Sydney Harbour). With them, they took seeds, farm implements, livestock such as cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, horses and chickens and 2 years supply of food. From the time of the first European settlement in Sydney Cove, slow and sporadic boats ran along the Parramatta River serving Parramatta and the agricultural settlements in between. Painting of Sydney. Does this mean bread-making was invented here? [41] The University of Sydney was established in 1850. The project has been hailed as "transformative" by journalists. The Sydney region, referred then by the local aborigines as Warrane, itself has been inhabited for at least 50,000 years. Following the Second World War, the Australian government launched a largescale multicultural immigration program. It appeared irregularly between 1803 and 1842, but nonetheless provides a valuable source on the early development of the colony based at Sydney. The west and north coast of Australia had been visited quite frequently by Europeans in the 17th century. The History of Sydney begins in prehistoric times with the occupation of the district by Australian Aboriginals, whose ancestors came to Sydney in the Upper Paleolithic period. Consequently, they were first to suffer the effects of dispossession when the British arrived, though the descendants of Eora still have a strong presence in the Sydney area today. Australia's first parliamentary elections were conducted for the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1843, again with voting rights (for males only) tied to property ownership or financial capacity. Stadium Australia (currently also known as ANZ Stadium due to naming rights), a multi-purpose stadium located in the Sydney Olympic Park precinct of the redeveloped Homebush Bay was completed in March 1999 at a cost of A$690 million to serve as a venue for the 2000 Summer Olympics.
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